Poster Abstracts from Contaminant Biology Program Review -- February 2002
Poster Abstracts
Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry
1
An Ecological Risk Assessment of the Potential for Herbicide Impacts on Primary Productivity of the Lower Missouri River
James F. Fairchild, Linda C. Sappington, and David S. Ruessler, USGS Columbia Environmental Research Center, Columbia, MO
The Lower Missouri River Basin has been drastically altered due to impoundment, channelization, and conversion of the floodplain to agriculture. Agricultural practices have led to both ecological and human health concerns related to herbicide use. We conducted a study to perform an ecological risk assessment of the potential impacts of herbicides on aquatic plant communities of the Lower Missouri River Basin. Sixteen herbicides (atrazine, metribuzin, simazine, cyanazine, alachlor, metolachlor, chlorsulfuron, metsulfuron, triallate, EPTC, trifluralin, diquat, paraquat, dicamba, bromoxynil, and 2,4-D) were tested using one species of algae (Selenastrum capricornutum) and one floating macrophyte (Lemna minor). These herbicides represented nine chemical classes and several modes of action and were chosen to represent major current uses in the U.S. The triazinone herbicide metribuzin and the sulfonylurea herbicides chlorsulfuron and metsulfuron were highly toxic but do not necessarily represent a large aquatic risk due to the low rates of application. Bromoxynil, dicamba, 2,4-D, and EPTC exhibited low toxicity. Diquat, paraquat, triallate, and trifluralin were relatively toxic but exhibit low environmental mobility. Cyanazine, alachlor, atrazine, and metolachlor pose the greatest risk to aquatic plants. However, a comparison of these toxicity data to published information concerning application rates, chemical fate, and measured environmental concentrations indicates that adverse impacts of herbicides on non-target aquatic plant communities of the Lower Missouri River are unlikely. However, human health concerns will continue to regulate the use of these chemicals.
2
Assessing the Toxicity and Teratogenicity of Pond Water in Minnesota to Native Amphibians
Christine M Bridges, Edward E Little, James D Petty, James N Huckins, and David M Gardiner, USGS, Columbia Environmental Research Center, Columbia, MO
Incidence of amphibian deformities have increased in recent years, especially in the northern region of the United States. While many factors have been proposed as being responsible for deformities (e.g., contaminants, ultraviolet radiation [UV], parasites), no single cause has been definitively established. To determine whether waterborne chemicals are responsible for deformities in ponds in north-central Minnesota, we deployed semipermeable membrane devices (SPMDs) to accumulate lipophilic contaminants. We then exposed native tadpoles (northern leopard frogs; Rana pipiens) to the SPMD extracts combined with two agricultural pesticides (atrazine, carbaryl) at two levels of UV radiation. Two sets of SPMDs were deployed, one in a contaminated and one in a reference site. SPMD extracts were not acutely toxic to tadpoles, even at concentrations of up to an estimated 30x an ambient daily dosage. UV alone was responsible for a slight increase in hatching success and tadpole growth rate. Embryonic deformity rate was high in exposures to SPMD extracts from the contaminated site in the absence of UV, suggesting that chemicals present at this site are broken down by UV to less harmful forms, or become less bioavailable. Conversely, reference site SPMD extracts caused embryonic deformities only in the presence of UV, indicating that UV potentiates the teratogenicity of the compounds present there. Reference site SPMD extracts significantly increased the number of bony triangles, a common deformity observed in juveniles at this site. The incidence of skin webbings increased significantly with SPMD extracts from both sites as well as our pesticide control containing atrazine and carbaryl alone.
3
Assessment of Indoor Airborne Organic Contaminants Using Semipermeable Devices
J.D. Petty, J.N. Huckins, W.L. Cranor, R.W. Gale, C.E. Orazio, R.C. Clark, and D.A. Alvarez, US Geological Survey, Columbia Environmental Research Center, Columbia, MO
G.L. Robertson, US Environmental Protection Agency, Las Vegas, NV
M.R. O’Rouke, and S.R. Rogan, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ
In a joint project with the US Environmental Protection Agency, semipermeable membrane devices (SPMDs) were used to assess the airborne bioavailable organic contaminants present in 57 indoor areas along the border between Arizona and Mexico. Numerous organic contaminants of historic concern were found, including organochlorine pesticides (e.g., the DDT complex, chlordanes, etc.) polychlorinated biphenyls, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. In addition, a variety of contaminants of emerging concern, e.g., diazinon, chlorpyrifos, permethrin, etc., were also determined to be present in these areas. Also, selected sample extracts (specifically the organochlorine fraction) were analyzed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry and found to contain more than 400 individual chemicals compounds, many of which have potential physiological activity. The effects of exposure to such complex mixtures of toxic chemicals are unknown, but respiration is increasingly being recognized as a significant route of exposure. Research continues to further define the identities of airborne organic chemicals and the potential consequences of exposure.
4
Field Validation of Long-Term Toxicity Tests Evaluating Freshwater Sediments
J. M. R. Hayward and J. R. Jones, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO
D.W. Whites and C. G. Ingersoll, USGS, Columbia Environmental Research Center, Columbia, MO;
D. R. Mount USEPA, Duluth, MN;
D.S. Ireland, USEPA, Washington DC.
This study evaluated whether results of acute and chronic laboratory tests with Hyalella azteca exposed to a contaminated sediment concentration series could be used to predict the results of benthic colonization assessments in the field with splits of the same samples. Laboratory to field comparisons were performed with sediments spiked with dichlorodiphenyldichloroethane (DDD), and with dilutions of a field sediment collected from Indiana Harbor contaminated with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and metals. Results observed in the laboratory tests were within the expected results based previous studies (EqP, DDD concentrations) and probable effect concentrations (PECs, IH sediment dilutions). Splits of the DDD-spiked sediments and the Indiana Harbor sediment dilutions were also placed in colonization trays and exposed for 12 weeks in a 0.1 hectare pond. A dose-dependent decrease was observed in field colonization of total organisms, nematodes, and other Diptera that corresponded to decreases observed in 28-day survival and growth, and 42-day reproduction in the H. azteca laboratory tests. Study results indicate that survival, growth, and reproduction endpoints obtained from chronic H. azteca sediment laboratory toxicity tests were predictive of toxic effects observed in the field.
up to top
5
Evaluation of the Toxicity of Sediment Samples from Calcasieu Estuary: Comparing the Response of Laboratory Exposures with Hyalella azteca and Ampelisca abdita
Kemble, N.E., Hardesty, D.K., Ingersoll, C.G., and Wang, N., Columbia Environmental Research Center, USGS, Columbia, MO,
MacDonald, D.D., MacDonald Environmental Sciences Ltd
Shortelle, A., Harding ESE Gainesville, FL
Gaston, G.R, Oxford MS.
The Calcasieu estuary, located southern Louisiana, is a highly industrialized area which has received a variety of anthropogenic contaminants over many years. Recent analyses of sediment samples from the estuary have shown that contaminant levels throughout the system often exceed chemical benchmarks established to identify potentially toxic conditions. Because corroborating data establishing potential lethal or sublethal effects associated with exposures to these contaminants are limited, we conducted 10- or 28-d whole-sediment tests with the amphipods Hyalella azteca and Ampelisca abdita and 100 sediment samples collected from the estuary. Sampling locations were selected based on previous chemical surveys of the study area and included a wide range of contaminant levels. Endpoints measured in this study were survival or growth (length) of amphipods. These sediment tests followed methods outlined in USEPA (2000) and ASTM (2001) using a reconstituted overlying test water with a salinity of 10 ppt. Hyalella azteca survival data at Day 10 identified 27 of the 100 samples (27%) as toxic (below the reference envelope of 78% survival). Hyalella azteca survival in the 28-d samples identified 31% of the sediment samples as toxic (below the reference envelope of 85% survival). Day 10 A. abdita data identified 63% of the sediment samples as toxic (below the reference envelope of 64% survival). Amphipod survival was classified as reduced in both the 10- and 28-d exposures for 21 of the sediment samples. Length analysis of H. azteca identifies additional samples as toxic in both the 10- and 28-d exposures that were classified as non-toxic when using the survival endpoint alone. Data from this study will also be used, along with sediment chemistry data from sediment subsamples, and benthic community surveys in a Sediment Quality Triad approach.
6
Evaluation of Sediment Toxicity at Constructed Wetlands Using Whole-Sediment Exposures with the Amphipod Hyalella azteca
Kemble, N.E., Ingersoll, C.G., and Kunz, J.L., USGS, Columbia Environmental Research Center, Columbia, MO
Canfield, T.J., Robert S. Kerr Environmental Research Center, USEPA, Ada, OK.
Constructed wetlands have been identified as relatively inexpensive treatments for certain situations including complete treatment systems or as polishers for conventionally treated wastes. Wetlands have been used as treatment systems for different types of wastewaters (e.g. municipality, animal feed-lot). The objective of the study was to evaluate the potential toxicity of sediments from each of the three wetlands using 28-day toxicity tests with the amphipod Hyalella azteca, measuring survival and growth. The three wetlands evaluated received waste water from a municipal source, from an animal feed lot, or an oilfield wetland. Sediments were collected over 2 years from 4 quadrants in each wetland type sampled twice a year, once in the growing season (i.e., July and August) and once in the dormant season (i.e., January and February). Two negative control sediments were also tested. Endpoints measured in this study were survival and growth (both length and weight) of amphipods. These sediment tests followed methods outlined in USEPA (2000) and ASTM (2000). Amphipod survival identified 17% of the sediment samples from the Municipal Wetland as toxic (a significant reduction in amphipod survival compared to the two controls). Amphipod growth in the Municipal Wetland samples identified 58% of the sediment samples as toxic. Amphipod survival and growth did not identify any of the Agriculture Wetland samples as toxic. Survival of amphipods exposed to sediment samples from the Oilfield Wetland identified 25% of the samples as toxic. Amphipod growth in sediment samples from the Oilfield Wetland identified 19% samples as toxic. Comparisons of amphipod biological endpoints to chemical and physical characterization of sediment samples as well as statistical comparisons of the biological responses from the growing and dormant seasons are on-going.
7
Comparison of Porewater and Solid-Phase Toxicity Tests Performed in Support of the Calcasieu Estuary Remedial Investigation, Louisiana.
Carr, R.S., Biedenbach, J., and Hooten R., USGS, MERS, Corpus Christi, TX
Nipper, M., Texas A&M University-Corpus Christi, TX;
Ingersoll, C.G., Johnson, B.T., and Kemble, N., USGS, CERC, Columbia, MO
Shortelle, A., Harding ESE, Inc., Gainesville, FL
Gaston, G., University of Mississippi
MacDonald, D.D, Mac/Donald Environmental Sciences, Ltd., Ladysmith, BC, Canada.
The objective of this study was to conduct a sediment quality triad (SQT) assessment to quantify risk associated with contaminated sediments in the Calcasieu estuary in Louisiana. A suite of solid-phase and porewater toxicity tests was performed on 50 to 100 samples with a wide variety of organisms and endpoints as part of this SQT study. This paper will present the information from the porewater tests, which included the fertilization and embryological development test with the sea urchin, Arbacia punctulata, survival and hatching success of embryo-larval redfish, Sciaenops ocellatus, and the zoospore germination and growth test with Ulva lactuca, and the solid-phase tests, which included the10-day and 28-day growth and survival tests with Hyalella azteca, 10-day survival tests with Ampelisca abdita, and the Microtox® assay with Vibrio fisheri. Sampling locations were selected based on previous chemical surveys of the study area and included a wide range of contaminant levels. There was also a wide range in response for the different tests. The differences and similarities among the tests and their association with the benthic data will be revealed using multivariate analyses. These data will be used to document risks of contaminated sediments to aquatic biota of the estuary and to provide a basis for interpreting the sediment chemistry data that has been collected at these sites.
8
Development of Two Passive Integrative Samplers for Toxic Trace Metals: The SLMD and PIMS
W.G. Brumbaugh, J.D. Petty, J.N. Huckins, and T.W. May, U.S. Geological Survey, Columbia Environmental Research Center, Columbia, MO 65201
Sampling for trace environmental contaminants is typically conducted by “grab” sampling methods, the measures from which represent a relatively brief “snapshot” in time even though contaminant concentrations can vary considerably over periods of days or even hours. A passive integrative sampling approach has been proven to be useful for many organic chemicals, but has yet to be rigorously demonstrated for trace metals. Potential advantages of passive integrative sampling for metal species include wider applicability (particularly in remote locations), increased detection capability, the potential for use in detecting only labile or “bioavailable” metal species, and the ability to determine a time-averaged dose. We have completed preliminary research demonstrating the feasibility of two passive, integrative samplers: 1) the stabilized liquid membrane device (SLMD) and 2) the passive integrative mercury sampler (PIMS). The SLMD (U.S. patent no. 09/261,172) can be used as an alternative or complementary approach to conventional water sampling for several toxicologicaly important trace metal ions including cadmium, copper, nickel, lead, and zinc. The SLMD can also be utilized for in-laboratory preconcentration and speciation of labile trace metals from grab water samples. The PIMS (U.S. patent no. 09/195, 039) provides an effective alternative to conventional sampling for gaseous elemental mercury in air or water. It is highly suitable for long-term, unattended sampling of up to 90 days. In contrast to conventional air sampling approaches, no power source is required. We present here an update of the research conducted with these two integrative trace metal samplers.
9
Dietary Methyl Mercury Exposure in American Kestrels – Pilot Studies.
John B. French, Jr., Dawn Graham, Barnett Rattner, David Hoffman, Gary Heinz, Ronald Rossman and Richard Bennett;
USGS Patuxent Wildlife Research Center, Laurel, MD and EPA Mid-Continent Ecology Division, Duluth, MN.
Atmospheric deposition is the primary source of widespread mercury pollution terrestrial and aquatic environments, and is increasing at about 5% each year. Bacterial methylation of inorganic mercury allows it to enter the food web; the risks to wildlife from methyl mercury are significant because of its inherent toxicity and its propensity to bioaccumulate. Very scant data on raptors suggests mortality is less sensitive to methyl mercury exposure than various anseriform or galliform species. The objectives of this study are to determine the sensitivity of American kestrels to dietary methyl mercury, and gather information on methyl mercury absorption and distribution in kestrels. Adult kestrels were housed individually and were fed diets containing 0, 3, 6 or 12 ppm mercury (dry weight, as methyl mercury chloride) mixed with Nebraska brand Bird of Prey diet. American kestrels appeared similar in sensitivity (or a little less sensitive) to Red-tailed hawks, and more sensitive than Northern goshawks. There was a regular progression of motor signs of neurotoxicity toxicity, beginning with poor balance and coordination and ending with catatonia and death. The signs appeared earlier in kestrels fed 12 ppm than in birds fed 6 ppm, although generally in the same order of onset; no overt signs were noticed in kestrels fed only 3 ppm methyl mercury. Embryos and early hatchlings are more sensitive to mercury than adults in other bird species and, from our small sample, there is evidence of embryo death in the one 6 ppm clutch, and death of young chicks in the one 3 ppm cutch. Larger reproductive studies, and studies of immunological function, are currently underway.
up to top
10
Isolating Large Amounts of Bioaccumulated Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) for Toxicity Tests
John Meadows, Carl Orazio, Robert Gale, and Don Tillitt, USGS, Columbia Environmental Research Center, Columbia MO
A direct measure of the toxicity of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) is to use the exact bioaccumulated mixture to determine various biological effects. To obtain sufficient quantities of the contaminant mixture for extensive dose-response toxicity testing, kilogram quantities of biological tissue must be extracted and purified. We have developed a method for the large-scale isolation of POPs, including polychlorinated dibenzodioxins and furans (PCDD/PCDFs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), non-ortho PCBs, polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and organochlorine pesticides (OCPs). Using this procedure, we isolated a complex mixture of bioaccumulated POPs from fish of a highly contaminated river in the northeastern U.S.. Four reaches were investigated by isolating the POPs from 15kg masses of fish (3kg lipids) via dialysis through a low-density polyethylene membrane. Using trace organic analysis and GC/ECD and high resolution MS we verified that the POPs concentrations in the fish matched those in the large-scale purified extracts. Dosing solutions were prepared in a metabolically neutral lipid (triolein) and then injected into fish eggs to study embryotoxicity.
11
Lead Exposure in Mourning Doves: Lead Shot Ingestion Rates and Tissue Lead Concentrations.
J. Christian Franson, Scott P. Hansen, Daniel L. Finley, and Laura J. Blewett. U.S. Geological Survey, National Wildlife Health Center, Madison, WI
Abstract: Lead shot is still widely used for upland game hunting, and concern has been expressed regarding the potential poisoning of upland birds, particularly mourning doves (Zenaida macroura), from the ingestion of spent lead shot. We investigated the prevalence of lead exposure in mourning doves (Zenaida macroura) during 1998-2000 by examining the carcasses of 4,884 hunter-killed doves from seven states: Arizona, Georgia, Missouri, Pennsylvania, Oklahoma, South Carolina, and Tennessee. Gizzards were radiographed to detect metallic items and the presence of shot, type of shot (lead or steel), and mode of entry (ingested or shot-in) were confirmed by visual examination. Lead concentrations in livers and wing bones were determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. We found ingested lead shot in the gizzards of 2.5% of mourning doves that were collected from hunters at areas where lead shot was allowed for hunting. Ingested steel shot was found in 2.4% of doves from two areas where nontoxic shot was required (gizzards from two of these doves contained both steel and lead shot). All of the doves with ingested shot (lead or steel) were juveniles, except one. The lead concentrations that we found in livers and wing bones suggest that gizzard surveys of shot ingestion rates underestimate lead exposure in mourning doves, as reported for other avian species. We found considerable variation in the frequencies of lead shot ingestion and elevated lead concentrations in tissues among states and among sampling sites within states.
12
Methods for Determination of Agrochemicals in the Invasive Asian Clam (Potamocorbula amurensis) of the San Francisco Bay
Carl E. Orazio, R.W. Gale, and J.C. Meadows, USGS Columbia Environmental Research Center, Columbia, MO, 65201
K.M. Kuivila, U.S. Geological Survey, Sacramento, CA, 95819
A number of agricultural and industrial chemicals potentially impact the health of the San Francisco Bay ecosystem. While analytical methods for studying agrochemicals in water are readily available, methods for biota are sparse. Our goal was to develop analytical methods for studying organic contaminant residues in the biota and invasive Asian Clam (Potamocorbula amurensis), for which no data are available. From a list of over 200 chemicals that potentially impact the SF Bay, we selected high-use chemicals representing several pesticide classes and covering a wide range of hydrophobicities to serve as benchmark chemicals for method development. Several fractionation schemes have been investigated that employ Florisil, alumina, modified silica gels, reverse-phase sorbents, and high performance gel-permeation chromatography as means of producing purified concentrates for gas chromatography with mass spectrometric and electron-capture detection. We are now applying the methods to determine temporal trends of agrochemical residues in clams of the San Francisco (Suisun) Bay. The information will complement water and sediment contamination data and provide a better understanding of the chemical pollution of the San Francisco Bay.
13
The Effects of PCB Exposure on Energy Balance of the White-Footed Mouse (Peromyscus leucopus).
Mary Beth Voltura, and John B. French Jr., USGS, Patuxent Wildlife Research Center, Laurel, MD
We examined the effects of PCBs on energy balance of the white-footed mouse (Peromyscus leucopus) in a series of experiments to see whether PCB exposure impacts the life history of small mammals through changes in patterns of energy acquisition or allocation. IN the first experiment, adult mice were fed PCBs in doses of 0, 0.1, 10, and 25 ppm. After one year, the mice on the 25 ppm diet showed higher food intake and higher resting metabolic rates. In our second experiment, female mice that were proven breeders were placed on diets containing 0, 10 or 25 ppm. After 4 months, females were again paired with males. Females on the 25 pm diet were less likely to produce litters but for those that did produce young, we was no difference in the litter size or in the ability of a female to raise her pups to weaning. However, mothers on the 10ppm diet produced larger pups at weaning (and ate more food). In our third experiment, pups from the reproduction experiment were fed experimental diets until age 12-14 months .
Then, metabolic rates were measured and concentrations of serum thyroid hormones determined. We saw significant, dose-dependant decrease in concentrations of total T3, total T4, and free T4 – there was no change in free T3, which is the metabolically active form of thyroid hormone. In addition, no differences in metabolic rates were noted. Overall, the data show that low levels of PCBs in the diet do alter some aspects of the energy budget in white-footed mice, but the there are not clear correlations with changes in important life history parameters.
14
Effect of 2,3,7,8-TCDD on Eye Histology and Visual Function of Rainbow Trout
Carvalho, Paulo .S.1,2,3, Noltie, D.2 and Tillitt, D.E.3 1) CAPES, Federal Agency for Improvement of Teaching and Research Personnel, Brazil. 2) University of Missouri. 3) USGS - Columbia Environmental Research Center, Columbia, MO
2,3,7,8-TCDD effects in fishes have been intensively evaluated at the biochemical, tissue and organismal levels. In spite of that, little is understood about damage to sensory systems and associated behavioral patterns, which could provide important links to population level effects. Proper development of the eye and of visual function plays a crucial role in the survival and growth of early life stages of fishes. This study evaluates effects of TCDD on eye structure and visual function in rainbow trout at the swim up stage. Fishes were exposed by egg injection, and we evaluated: histological density of photoreceptors and retinal ganglion cells in the retina, the behavioral visual parameters acuity (detail discrimination), flicker fusion frequency (motion detection) and scotopic threshold (low light sensitivity). Visual function was assessed using a behavioral method based on the optokinetic response, instinctive tendency to follow the movement of alternating vertical black and white stripes. Control fishes at swim up showed an acuity angle of 2.8 degrees (median), a scotopic threshold of 24.06 log I (median), and flicker fusion thresholds at 0 and 23 log I of 14.2 6 1.9 and 4.0 6 0.3 cycles/s (mean and standard deviation), respectively. Kruskall-Wallis ANOVA showed statistically significant differences (p,0.05) in acuity and scotopic thresholds of fishes from doses of 113, 300 and 500 pg 2,3,7,8-TCDD/g egg compared to controls. One Way ANOVA showed statistically significant differences in flicker fusion thresholds at 0 log I between controls and 113, 300 and 500 pg/g egg doses (p , 0.001); and between controls and 300 and 500 pg/g egg doses at 23 log I (p , 0.001). The observed deficits in visual function skills are likely to cause decreased prey capture efficiency and predator avoidance capabilities.
up to top
15
The Interaction of Low Thiamin Stress and Dioxin-induced Stress in Developing Fish Embryos
P.J. Wright1,2, J.J. Whyte1,2, D.B. Noltie2, C.C. Edsall3, D.C. Honeyfield4 , and D.E. Tillitt1, 1) USGS, Columbia Environmental Research Center, Columbia , Missouri, 2) University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, 3) USGS, Great Lakes Science Center, Ann Arbor, MI, 4) USGS, Leetown Science Center, Wellsboro, PA, USA.
Multiple stressors are known to adversely effect populations of fish and wildlife from contaminated environments. Our studies were designed to investigate the possible interaction between low thiamin (vitamin B1) stress and chemical-induced stress of dioxin-like contaminants on development of fish. The Great Lakes of North America and the Baltic Sea of Europe both contain populations of salmonid fish that exhibit symptoms of thiamin deficiency. These same populations are also known to be contaminated with organochlorine chemicals, including polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins, polychlorinated dibenzofurans, and polychlorinated biphenyls. Thiamin supplementation reduced dioxin-related mortality in developing embryos and fry of both rainbow trout and medaka. Additionally, we found similarities in the temporal and tissue-specific occurrence of pathological lesions observed in thiamin-deficient and dioxin-treated lake trout embryos/fry. Last, we observed behavioral deficits in dioxin-treated and low thiamin lake trout embryos that were reduced with thiamin treatment. These finding are consistent with our hypothesis of an interaction between thiamin deficiency and dioxin-induced stress.
16
Tools, Toys or Science: Application of Technological Advances to Behavioral Toxicology in the Laboratory and the Field
DeLonay, A.J, S.K. Brewer, and E.E. Little, USGS, Columbia Environmental Research Center, Columbia, MO.
Environmental perturbation and sublethal exposure to environmental contaminants often results in significant alterations in the behavioral responses of organisms. Behavioral toxicologists have long focused on developing tools to document and quantify these behavioral changes in the laboratory and the field. These tools have been applied to determine sensitive endpoints of sublethal exposure, evaluate indicators of potential ecological effects, discover diagnostic tools for contaminant identification, and elucidate real linkages between cellular mechanisms and population responses. As have most fields of science, behavioral toxicology has benefited by the rapid advances in microelectronics. Computerization, miniaturization and automation have resulted in more efficient, cost-effective methods of observing and quantifying behavioral responses. Innovation in acquisition and processing of behavioral data has provided powerful tools for the examination of complex behavioral patterns and monitoring of alterations in patterns through time. Advances in telemetry transmitter technology and the miniaturization of biological sensors allow devices that not only provide movement and location data, but also real-time measurements of physiological responses to environmental conditions. Observations of behavior in the field combined with remote sensing techniques and mapping of spatially referenced environmental information allow the examination of organism response in the context of the surrounding physical environment. Spatially modeling environmental impacts and examining behavioral responses on a broader landscape can suggest wider population and ecosystem-level effects. As the value of behavioral sciences and behavioral toxicology is increasingly appreciated in the legal, regulatory and management arenas, new technologies and techniques are being readied to guide environmental assessment, mitigation, restoration and preservation.
up to top
17
Relative Sensitivity of Endpoints Measured in Long-Term Exposures with the Amphipod Hyalella azteca and the Midge Chironomus tentans
Kunz, J.L. , Kemble, N.E., and Ingersoll, C.G. USGS, Columbia Environmental Research Center, Columbia, MO
Wang, N., University of Missouri, Columbia, MO.
Endpoint sensitivity is being evaluated in 42- to 60-day water-only exposures with Hyalella azteca and Chironomus tentans exposed to cadmium, DDD, or fluoranthene. Endpoints evaluated in the amphipod exposure included survival, growth (length and weight), or reproduction (number of young/female). Endpoints in the midge exposure included survival, growth, emergence, or percentage of eggs hatching. These studies are being used to determine if there is a substantial increase in endpoint sensitivity in long-term tests compared to the 10-day tests. In all three amphipod exposures, reproduction was generally the most sensitive endpoint measured. Amphipod survival at Day 10 was less sensitive than the long-term endpoints in all three chemicals exposures. In the C. tentans Cd and DDD exposures, sublethal endpoints were generally more sensitive than the 20-d survival endpoint. However, in the midge fluoranthene exposure 20-d survival was the most sensitive endpoint. Reproduction of midges and amphipods was generally reduced only at exposure concentrations that also reduced growth. Measurement of sublethal endpoints in 10- to 60-day water-only exposures with amphipods and midges provides unique information relative to measurement of survival alone in 10-d exposures.
18
Use of an in vivo Fish Model for Assessing the Endocrine and Reproductive Effects of Chemicals and Environmental Mixtures
Papoulias, D.M., Meadows, J., Nicks, D., and Tillitt, D.E., USGS, Columbia Environmental Research Center, Columbia, MO
One consequence of exposure to endocrine disruptors (EDCs) may be alteration of the normal mechanisms of sexual development and differentiation, processes that are highly hormone dependent, with subsequent adverse effects on reproduction. We have developed methods that use the medaka fish to test for endocrine disruptors. The dr-R strain of medaka is used as the test organism because of qualities that make it a good laboratory animal model and because it possesses a sex-linked gene for body color allowing visual determination of genetic sex soon after hatch. Medaka are exposed in ovo by nano-injection to chemical compounds or environmental extracts known or suspected to be hormone mimics or disruptors. Observed effects of these chemicals include one or more abnormalities: sex reversal, histopathological lesions (e.g., atresia), reduced gonad size, and changes in primary germ cell numbers along with volume of primordial gonads. Results from these assays together with field and laboratory observations can provide evidence that environmental EDCs are adversely affecting reproduction and development of wild fishes. Laboratory studies with the dr-R medaka model provide further support within the framework of a weight-of-evidence approach in establishing a cause-and-effect relationship between environmental exposure to EDCs and reproductive impairment at the individual and population levels.
19
The Effect of Temperature and pH on the Toxicity of Ammonia to an Endangered Fish
Allert, A.L.*, Fairchild, J.F., Hughes, D.P., Sappington, L.C., and Olson, S.J., U.S. Geological Survey, Columbia Environmental Research Center, Columbia, MO,
Waddell, B., U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Salt Lake City, UT.
Water quality criteria for ammonia are pH and temperature dependent with the toxicity of ammonia generally increasing with pH due to the increase in the unionized form. Temperature trends, however, are frequently species specific. A series of studies were conducted in the laboratory and on-site to examine the effect of temperature and pH on the toxicity of ammonia to the Colorado pikeminnow (Ptychocheilus lucius), an endangered fish of the Colorado River Basin, and the surrogate species, fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas). The two species have similar sensitivities to ammonia toxicity. Overall results indicate that there is an increased sensitivity to ammonia by Colorado pikeminnow at both low (8°C) and high temperatures (18°C) and higher pH (9). These studies demonstrate the importance of developing site-specific criteria for ammonia (e.g., incorporating seasonal variations) when endangered species are present.
20
Marine Environmental Effects of Mining Activities in the Philippines: Porewater Toxicity and Chemistry.
Carr, R.S., USGS, MERS, Corpus Christi, TX; Nipper, M., Texas A&M University
Biedenbach, J. and Hooten R., USGS, MERS, Corpus Christi, TX
Plumlee, G.S., USGS, GD, Denver, CO.
Environmental and health concerns were raised after a mine tailings spill from an open-pit copper mine on Marinduque Island, Philippines, in 1996. In addition to the mine-tailings spill, environmental concerns existed due to acid-rock and metal-rich drainage into local rivers, and to two causeways constructed with mine tailings which extend into the marine environment in the vicinity of coral reefs. As part of a preliminary environmental assessment, potential adverse effects in the marine environment were analyzed through toxicity tests and chemical analyses of pore waters. Samples were collected in situ by vacuum applied through syringes attached to ground glass aquarium air stones. Sampling was conducted at sites potentially affected by the mine tailings spill or under potential influence of the two causeways. Three reference samples were collected in a marine reserve, out of the influence of mining activities. Toxicity tests analyzing sea urchin, Arbacia punctulata, fertilization and embryological development exhibited significant adverse effects in two samples collected near one of the mine tailings causeways. The most severe effects were observed in the two sample collected nearest to the Calancan Bay causeway. Chemical analyses of the pore waters is currently underway. An intertidal porewater sample collected previously from the tailings causeway (Plumlee et al., 2000: http://geology.cr.usgs.gov/pub/open-file-reports/ofr-00-0397) has elevated concentrations of Fe, Ag, Mn, Se, Pb, Cu, Zn, Cd, Al, As, and Mo, several of which exceed USEPA acute and/or chronic salt water criteria. This preliminary survey suggests that contaminant effects related to past mining activities are still evident and warrants a more comprehensive study to assess the severity and areal extent.
up to top
Contaminated Habitats
21
Lead Distribution Throughout A Wetland Skeet Range
Clifford A. Hui, USGS, University of California, Davis, CA
Lead pellets from a skeet range impart Pb to the local soil, plants, and animals. Concentrations and distributions of Pb in the various media were studied at the now-abandoned skeet range bordering a cordgrass marsh at the Naval Weapons Station Seal Beach in southern California. The concentrations of Pb in soil (max = 16,200 ppm, dry mass) are significantly correlated to the shot pellet densities (r = 0.95). Lead concentrations in plant leaves vary among species at the same site (eg, 6.3 – 17 ppm). Horn snails had a mean Pb concentration (1987 ppm, dry mass) over 100 times greater than the leaves of the plant species with the highest mean concentration (18.1 ppm, dry mass) at the same site. Shore crabs in the area of the most contaminated soil have mean total-body lead burdens (22 ppm, dry mass) over 20 times greater than crabs located where there is insignificant lead in the soil. Lead burdens do not appear to affect growth of the crabs. Avian predators of snails and crabs may receive minimum exposure to Pb because calcium in the shells may inhibit lead absorption from the gut. However, incidental ingestion of soil in addition to direct ingestion of shot pellets may provide significant lead exposure to birds. Because shotgun pellets may persist in wetland soil for 300 years, reduction of wildlife exposure to Pb in such cases requires deliberate action.
22
Altered Endocrine Biomarkers in Fish Exposed to Alkylphenols Ethoxylates in Effluent Dominated Streams Near the Great Lakes
Smith, S.B., U.S. Geological Survey, National Water Quality Assessment Program, Reston, VA
Rice, C.L., and Datta, S., U.S. Department of Agriculture, Environmental Chemistry Laboratory, Beltsville, MD
Begnoche, L.J., Quintal, R.T., Hickey, J., Reader, D.P. and Gannon, J.E., U.S. Geological Survey, Great Lakes Science Center, Ann Arbor, MI 48105.
A reconnaissance investigation of Great Lakes fish in connecting channels, tributaries and Lake Michigan open water was conducted in 1999 to assess the occurrence and distribution of the chemical class alkylphenol ethoxylates. Common carp (Cyprinus carpio) and, where available, predator fish were collected at several riverine sites near Chicago, Illinois; Detroit, Michigan; and Alpena, Michigan. Lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush) were collected in the open water of Lake Michigan near Sturgeon Bay, Wisconsin; and Saugatuck, Michigan. All fish were analyzed to determine chemical residue in whole fish for organochlorine pesticides, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polybrominated diphenylethers (PBDEs) and selected alkylphenol ethoxylates (including their metabolites, nonyl- and octylphenols and shorter chain carboxylates). Additionally, a comprehensive analysis of fish health was made for each fish, which included the collection and analysis of specific organs for histopathology and of blood samples for endocrine biomarker analysis. Collections of bed sediments and water were also made and will be analyzed for the same chemical compounds. Fish tissue residue, endocrine biomarkers, bed sediments and water chemical residue will be compared for each species.
23
Altered Endocrine Biomarkers in Selected Fish Species Exposed to Contaminated Sediments from the Hudson River, New York.
S.B. Smith, U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, VA
B.P. Baldigo, U.S. Geological Survey, Troy, NY
R.J. Sloan, New York State Department of Environmental Conservation, Albany, NY
V.S. Blazer, US Geological Survey, Leetown, WV
T.S. Gross, U.S. Geological Survey, Gainesville, FL
Vitellogenin (VTG), 17ß-estradiol (E), 11-ketotestosterone (11KT), mercury (Hg) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) were measured in common carp (Cyprinus carpio), and largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides) from eight sites in a 230-km reach of the Hudson River, New York in May and June, 1998. Endocrine biomarkers in fish plasma were compared to PCB and mercury concentrations in fish tissues and PCBs in bed sediment. Elevated concentrations of PCBs in sediment and fish were measured near a major PCB source; however, concentrations tended to decrease with distance downstream. The E/11KT ratio (normally < 1 in males and > 1 in females), exceeded 1.4 in all male bass and about 35% of male carp at a site 21km downstream from the PCB source. PCB concentrations in sediment were significantly correlated with PCB concentrations in tissue residue and to VTG concentrations in male common carp and largemouth bass and with E/11KT ratios in male carp. Additionally, male common carp from a reference site also showed evidence of VTG. Alterations of endocrine biomarkers in plasma of male and female fish at sites with high PCB concentrations in bed sediment and in fish tissues and at sites with little or no PCB contamination, indicate PCBs and other estrogen mimics may affect the endocrine system of resident fish in the Hudson River, New York.
up to top
24
Effects of Pulp and Paper Mill Effluents on Reproductive Success of Largemouth Bass
Maria S. Sepúlveda, Brian P. Quinn, University of Florida, Gainesville, USGS Florida Caribbean Science Center
Shane Ruessler And Timothy S. Gross, USGS Florida Caribbean Science Center, Gainesville
Nancy D. Denslow, University of Florida, Gainesville
Stewart E. Holm, Georgia Pacific
This study evaluated the effects of bleached/unbleached kraft mill effluent on reproductive success of largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides). Bass were exposed to effluent concentrations (0, 10, 20, 40, or 80%) for 28 and 56 days. Parameters measured included hepatosomatic (HSI) and gonadosomatic indices (GSI), and plasma concentrations of 17β-estradiol (E2), 11-ketotestosterone (11-KT), and vitellogenin (VTG). At the end of the 56-day period, bass were moved to hatchery ponds for an evaluation of spawning success. Spawning mats with eggs were either brought indoors for evaluation of fecundities, hatchabilities, and egg and fry size (measured at age 3 days), or left in ponds and fry number and size recorded (average age of 14 days). Effluent exposure was verified by measuring resin acids (isopimaric, abietic, and dehydroabietic) in bile. Exposed bass had increased concentrations of resin acids in bile in comparison to controls. In general, exposed females had decreased concentrations of E2 and VTG, whereas males had lower concentrations of 11-KT (≥ 20% effluent) and increased E2 (≥ 20% for 56 days). HSI were increased in females (≥ 10%), and GSI were decreased in both sexes (80%). Indoor studies indicated that fecundity, egg size, and hatchability did not differ across treatments, although an increase in the frequency of fry abnormalities and a decrease in fry weights was observed at high effluent exposures (≥ 40%). Results from the pond study, however, showed a significant reduction in fry growth and survival (≥ 10%). This decline may have been caused by an increased frequency of deformities coupled with alterations on growth. These changes could have resulted from alterations in “egg quality” due to failure of parental reproductive systems after almost two months of effluent exposures, and/or to acute embryo toxicity after translocation of contaminants from the mother to the developing embryo.
25
Chlorinated Pesticides and Growth and Development of American Alligator Embryos
Sepúlveda, M.S., and Basto, J., University of Florida, Gainesville, USGS, Florida Caribbean Science Center, Gainesville
Wiebe, J.J., Gross, T.S.. USGS, Florida Caribbean Science Center, Gainesville
This study evaluated American alligator (Alligator mississippiensis) clutch parameters in relation to exposure to organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in Florida Lakes. Clutches were collected from lakes Apopka and Griffin, and from reclaimed agricultural properties (Emeralda Marsh). Orange Lake served as a reference site. Clutches were monitored for fecundity, number of unbanded eggs, hatch rates, and embryonic mortality. Non-viable eggs were opened to estimate the stage of embryonic loss, and neonatal mortality classified as either pre or post-hatch. Several morphological parameters were measured from eggs and hatchlings. OCPs were measured in over 100 yolks representing different stages of development and viability conditions. Yolk OCPs were ranked in the order: Apopka > Emeralda > Griffin > Orange, and the primary pesticides observed were: DDE and DDD, toxaphene, dieldrin, and chlordane. Fecundity was increased and hatch rates were reduced in Apopka, Emeralda, and Griffin clutches when compared to Orange Lake. Low hatch rates were due to increased neonatal mortality, mainly during the first 35 days of development. Lower hatch rates, however, were not related to increased yolk OCPs. Live eggs had similar OCPs when compared to non-viable eggs (unbanded and early embryonic mortality), and higher OCPs did not result in eggshell thinning nor in the production of smaller hatchlings. OCPs in this study fell below those known to induce reproductive alterations in fish and birds. Environmental contaminants, however, may still be playing a role in the observed decreased egg viabilities by affecting normal reproductive function (vitellogenesis) in females. In addition, it remains unknown whether these pesticide mixtures might be acting in more than just an additive manner, exerting direct toxicity to the developing embryos (funded by NIEHS-SFBRP).
26
Assessment of Reproductive Success in Western Mosquitofish Exposed to Seleniferous Agricultural Drainwater from the Grassland Bypass Project, San Joaquin Valley, California
Michael K. Saiki and Barbara A. Martin, USGS, California Science Center, Davis, CA
Thomas W. May, USGS Columbia Environmental Research Center, Columbia, MO
The Grassland Bypass Project diverts brackish selenium-contaminated agricultural drainwater from about 39,447 ha of irrigated croplands on the west side of the San Joaquin Valley into the San Luis Drain for disposal in North Mud Slough and the San Joaquin River. Freshwater fishes contain 12-23 mg Se/g (dry weight concentration in whole-body samples) in the San Luis Drain and 7.6-18 mg Se/g in North Mud Slough downstream from the Drain. By comparison, published guidelines for selenium toxicity in fish suggest that body burdens as low as 4 mg Se/g are associated with mortality of juveniles and reproductive failure. The present study was implemented to determine if western mosquitofish (Gambusia affinis) populations inhabiting the San Luis Drain, North Mud Slough, and the San Joaquin River suffer from impaired reproduction. Preliminary results from field trials conducted during June-July 2001 did not detect evidence of reproductive impairment. Pregnant female mosquitofish collected from two seleniferous sites and two non-seleniferous sites produced fry that exhibited >98% survival at birth. Cursory inspection of the fry also did not suggest evidence of teratogenesis. Samples of females and their fry from the reproductive trials are currently undergoing chemical determinations to verify their selenium status.
up to top
27
Dioxin and PCB Concentrations in Bird Eggs from the Petenwell and Castle Rock Flowages, Wisconsin.
Custer, T.W., Custer, C. M., Hines, R.H., U.S. Geological Survey, Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center, La Crosse, WI.
Sediments in the Castle Rock and Petenwell Flowages (CR/P) of the Wisconsin River in central Wisconsin are contaminated with 2,3,7,8 TCDD (dioxins) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), presumably due to effluent from two upstream bleached-kraft pulp mills. Wood duck (Aix sponsa), hooded merganser (Lophodytes cucullatus), and tree swallow (Tachycineta bicolor) eggs and nestlings (tree swallow only) were collected on the CR/P in 1995 and 1996. Concentrations of dioxins and PCBs were higher in hooded merganser (geometric mean = 7pg/g and 0.92 μg/g) than wood duck eggs (<1pg/g and 0.07 μg/g); concentrations in tree swallow eggs were intermediate (<1pg/g and 0.33 μg/g). Dioxin and PCB concentrations in eggs of these three species were at background levels and are consistent with results from a concurrent study of ospreys (Pandion haliaetus) nesting on the CR/P. Positive accumulation rates of dioxins (8-19 pg/day) and PCBs (0.4-0.7 μg/day) in tree swallow nestlings from the CR/P suggest that the Wisconsin River is the source of these contaminants for tree swallow nestlings and probably the primary source of dioxins and PCBs in eggs of all three species.
28
Exposure of Nontarget Birds to DRC-1339 Avicide in Fall Baited Sunflower Fields.
Custer, T.W., C. M. Custer, G. Linz, L. Sileo, J. Johnson. U.S. Geological Survey, Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center, La Crosse, WI.
In the fall of 1999 and 2000, the avicide DRC-1339 (3-Chloro-p-toluidine hydrochloride) was used experimentally on sunflower fields in North Dakota to control blackbird depredation. DRC-1339 was applied to rice and broadcast on the ground in a confined area within sunflower fields. The objective of this study was to determine whether nontarget birds, birds other than blackbirds, were eating rice and were exposed to the DRC-1339. In 1999, eight of eleven (73%) sparrows collected on sunflower fields treated with DRC-1339 had rice in their gastrointestinal (GI) tracts. Of five mourning doves (Zenaida macroura) and three sparrows collected in sunflower fields treated with DRC-1339 in 2000, three doves had rice in their GI tracts, four doves and all three sparrows had measurable DRC-1339 concentrations in their GI tracts, and three doves exhibited histopathological signs of kidney damage. These results suggest that the use of DRC-1339 to control blackbirds in ripening sunflowers presents a risk to nontarget birds.
29
Mining Impacted Streams: Exposure and Effects of Trace Elements on Tree swallows Nesting Along the Upper Arkansas River, Colorado.
Christine M. Custer, Thomas W. Custer, USGS, Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center, La Crosse, WI
Andrew S. Archuleta, and Laura C. Coppock., U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Denver, CO 80225
Gold and silver mining and the associated ore processing near Leadville, Colorado has contaminated the Arkansas River with trace elements such as lead. Swallows, especially tree swallows (Tachycineta bicolor) are now being widely used as indicators of local contamination. In this study we used tree swallows to determine whether lead was being transferred from sediments to tree swallows nesting along the Arkansas River, to document contaminant levels of trace metals if they were present, and to determine whether those levels of trace metals were injurious to tree swallows. We put up180 nest boxes at 6 sites along the Arkansas River in 1997 and 1998 beginning at Pueblo Reservoir, near Pueblo, Colorado and extending upstream to above Leadville, the source of the lead contamination. Lead concentrations in nestling tree swallow livers and diet demonstrated conclusively that lead from sediments was bioavailable to tree swallows nesting along the Arkansas River. Lead was detected in >80% of tree swallow livers at sites closest to the lead source with the proportion containing lead declining at sites farther downstream. Lead levels in diet samples demonstrated pathway from sediment to birds. ALAD activity indicated that lead exposure was having physiological effects on tree swallow nestlings. Between 7 and 40% of nest boxes at 4 sites near the lead source had nestlings with blood ALAD inhibition > 50% of the mean activity of the reference site.
30
Trace Element Concentrations in Lesser Scaup from the Mississippi Flyway.
Christine Custer, Thomas Custer, USGS, La Crosse, WI,
Michael Anteau, Alan Afton, USGS, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, David Wooten, USDA, Stuttgart, AR
An earlier study reported elevated selenium, cadmium, mercury, and arsenic in liver tissue of diving ducks from one or more locations in Lake Erie, Lake St. Clair, and Lake Michigan. Concentrations of selenium in the livers of 88 - 95% of lesser scaup (Aythya affinis) were either in the elevated (10-33ppm dry wgt [d.w.]) or potentially harmful range (>33 ppm d.w.). The objective of this study was to determine the geographic extent of these high trace element concentrations. Liver tissue was obtained from lesser scaup collected in Louisiana, Arkansas, Iowa, Minnesota, Wisconsin, and Manitoba. A sample of liver was excised and analyzed for 19 trace elements. Selenium concentrations in Arkansas (4.2 ppm d.w.) were significantly lower than in Louisiana (10.7 ppm d.w.), Iowa (10.5 ppm d.w.), and Minnesota (8.0 ppm d.w.); concentrations in Wisconsin and Manitoba were intermediate (6.6 and 6.5 ppm d.w.). About 25% of scaup livers contained elevated selenium; none were in the harmful range. Cadmium and mercury concentrations did not differ among locations. Cadmium averaged 0.62 ppm d.w. and was less than in the Great Lakes. Mercury concentrations (0.96 ppm d.w.) were similar to Great Lake’s concentrations. High selenium concentrations in lesser scaup seem to be geographically isolated to industrial portions of the Great Lakes.
up to top
31
Exposure of Tree swallows (Tachycineta bicolor) Nesting Along the Woonasquatucket River, RI to Dioxins and Other Organochlorine Chemicals.
Christine M. Custer and Thomas W. Custer, USGS, Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center, La Crosse, WI 54603.
An estimated 219,869 square feet of contaminated fill is present at superfund site along the Woonasquatucket River, North Providence, RI. 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD or dioxin) has been disposed of or has come to be located at the site. The source of the hazardous substances present in the contaminated fill is unknown, but is likely due to the largely unregulated use, storage, and disposal of hazardous substances on the property from at least 1921 until 1977. USGS has been requested by EPA to provide information for the ecological risk assessment being conducted at that site. Tree swallow boxes were put up at 2 contaminated sites and 1 up-stream reference location. Reproductive success and contaminant concentrations were quantified in 2000 and 2001. In 2000, all 7 dioxin congeners and 9 of 10 furan congeners were detected in tree swallow pipper samples at the contaminated site; 5 of 7 dioxin congeners and 2 of the 9 furan congeners detected in > 50% of samples were significantly higher at the contaminated than at the reference location. 2,3,7,8 TCDD was 80 times higher at Allendale compared to Greystone Pond. Daily egg survival was significantly less at Allendale Pond compared to Greystone Pond; only 47% of eggs hatched at Allendale Pond compared to 92% at Greystone Pond. There was a significant negative logistic regression between 2,3,7,8 TCDD and percent hatching (P = 0.004), but not with 2,3,7,8 TCDF and percent hatching (P = 0.439).
32
Bioaccumulation and Effects of PCBs on Tree Swallows Nesting Along the Housatonic River, Massachusetts.
Christine M. Custer, Thomas W. Custer, and Paul M. Dummer, USGS, Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center, La Crosse, WI.
The Housatonic River near Pittsfield, MA was heavily contaminated with polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) as a result of a chemical spill. The fishery in that section of the river has been open to only catch and release fishing and there is consumption advisory on waterfowl. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service are conducting ecological risk and damage assessments of this section of the river. Tree swallow boxes were put up at 6 locations along the river and at a reference location in Berkshire Co., MA and the reproductive success and chemical contamination of tree swallows were quantified for 3 years, 1998 - 2000. Concentrations of PCBs in tree swallow eggs were some of the highest ever recorded in birds in North America. Tree swallows accumulated these PCBs from the local environment, as indicated by the positive accumulation rates in 12-day old nestlings. PCBs were adversely affecting reproduction. Clutches that contained dead embryos had significantly higher concentrations of PCBs than clutches that hatched normally. There was also a significant negative logistic correlation (P < 0.05) between PCBs concentrations and hatching success for 1998 and 1999. Success was low in 2000 at all sites because of inclement weather.
33
Science in Support of the Natural Resource Damage Assessment and Restoration Program
Susan E. Finger, USGS, Columbia Environmental Research Center, Columbia, MO.
The Department of Interior’s (DOI) Natural Resource Damage Assessment and Restoration (NRDAR) Program allows DOI agencies with trust responsibilities to document injury to natural resources as a result of oil spills or hazardous substances releases, assess damages, and restore those injured resources. Under the authorization of the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act (CERCLA), the Clean Water Act (CWA), and the Oil Pollution Act (OPA), legal rules have been developed to quantify injury to water, sediments, air, and biological resources. The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) provides information to assist in all phases of the NRDAR process. Through involvement in the National NRDAR Workgroup, USGS provides input to the National Park Service, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Bureau of Land Management, Bureau of Indian Affairs, Bureau of Reclamation, and the National Program Office for the development of scientifically defensible case strategies on issues relating to natural resource injury and potential restoration alternatives. Continued involvement in the NRDAR program provides opportunities to strengthen the role of USGS science in decisions related to DOI resource issues and promotes an integrated approach using expertise from all disciplines.
34
Nineteenth Century Mercury: Hazard to Wading Birds and Cormorants of the Carson River, Nevada
Charles J. Henny and Robert A. Grove, USGS-Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center, Corvallis, Oregon
Elwood F. Hill, Gardnerville, Nevada, USA
David J. Hoffman, USGS-Patuxent Wildlife Research Center, Laurel, Maryland, USA
Marilyn G. Spalding, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
Contemporary mercury interest relates to atmospheric deposition, contaminated fish stocks and exposed fish-eating wildlife. The focus is on methylmercury (MeHg) even though most contamination is of inorganic (IoHg) origin. However, IoHg is readily methylated in aquatic systems to become more hazardous to vertebrates. In response to a classic episode of historical (1859-1890) IoHg contamination, we studied fish-eating birds nesting along the lower Carson River, Nevada. Adult double-crested cormorants (Phalacrocorax auritus), snowy egrets (Egretta thula) and black-crowned night-herons (Nycticorax nycticorax) contained very high concentrations of total mercury (THg) in their livers (geo. means 134.8 Fg/g wet weight [ww], 43.7, and 13.5, respectively) and kidneys (69.4, 11.1, and 6.1, respectively). Apparently tolerance of these concentrations was possible due to post-absorption demethylation and sequestration of resultant IoHg. Demethylation and sequestration processes also appeared to have reduced the amount of MeHg redistributed to eggs. However, the relatively short time spent by adults in the contaminated area before egg laying was also a factor in lower than expected concentrations of mercury in eggs. Most eggs (100% MeHg) had concentrations below 0.80 Fg/g ww, the putative threshold concentration where reproductive problems may be expected; there was no conclusive evidence of depressed hatchability. After hatching, the young birds were fed diets by their parents averaging 0.36 to 1.18 FgMeHg/g ww through fledging. During this four to six week period, accumulated mercury concentrations in the organs of the fledglings were much lower than found in adults, but evidence was detected of toxicity to their immune (spleen, thymus, bursa), detoxicating (liver, kidneys) and nervous systems. Several indications of oxidative stress were also noted in the fledglings and were most apparent in young cormorants containing highest concentrations of mercury. This stress was evidenced by increased thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances, low activities of enzymes related to glutathione metabolism and low levels of reduced thiols, plus an increase in the ratio of oxidized to reduced glutathione. At lower concentrations of mercury, as was found in young egrets, we observed elevated activities of protective hepatic enzymes, which could help reduce oxidative stress. Immune deficiencies and neurological impairment of fledglings may affect survivability when confronted with the stresses of learning to forage and the ability to complete their first migration.
up to top
35
Endpoint Measurements for Endocrine Disrupting Chemical Effects in Wildlife.
P.F.P.Henry and M.A. Ottinger, Usgs Patuxent Wildlife Research Center, Laurel, Md; University of Maryland, College Park, Md.
Endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDC) or endocrine activating chemicals (EAC) interfere with the endogenous endocrine system. By its very nature and role, an organism’s neural-hormonal system maintains homeostasis over long term, developmental and organizational changes, over intensive and critical seasonal changes, and over specific, rapid action responses – the old “fight or flight syndrome”. With respect to the animal’s well being, this flexibility in response is a good thing, but with respect to validating clearly indicative, quick and accurate endpoints across species, the endocrine system is not as accommodating. At some point between testing for reduced fecundity and recording poor field performance, there is a need for protocols based on effective endpoints which assist researchers and managers in detecting, acting, and legislating upon endocrine disrupting effective chemicals. Given increasingly limited resources available for chemical analyses, the variety of chemicals submitted for registration and the volumes being released into the environment, managers continue to request basic information on the following: the permanence of endocrine disrupting effects on an individual in the wild, and the importance of a “true” or continuous endocrine disrupting effect on wildlife populations. In an attempt to address these issues, a listing of potential effective endpoints is presented and each is evaluated based on the following criteria: (1) role in neuro/endocrine development, (2) ability to be easily quantified and validated across species, and (3) potential use for monitoring field exposure/effect. The data were obtained from contaminant studies conducted under controlled laboratory conditions and are presented when applicable by way of example for evaluating these criteria.
36
Ecotoxicology of White Phosphorus in an Alaskan Tidal Marsh
Donald W. Sparling, USGS Patuxent Wildlife Research Center, Laurel, MD 20708.
White phosphorus (WP) has been used extensively by the military for artillery practice and training maneuvers. When WP contacts air it forms a thick, white obscuring smoke but when it enters wet sediment or water it may remain in pellet form indefinitely. Extensive waterfowl mortality over a 12 year period in Eagle River Flats, a tidal marsh being used for artillery practice, prompted the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and the US. Army to investigate the toxicity and possible remediation of WP contamination at the site. An associated survey determined that WP is also present in wetland of several other army bases in the United States. This paper reviews research conducted on the toxicity of WP to waterfowl and potential predators feeding on dead and dying ducks at Eagle River Flats. Data are presented on the acute and subchronic toxicity of WP to waterfowl, histopathological effects, possible biomarkers of exposure, and teratogenic and reproductive effects. A model hazard assessment summarizes the ecotoxicology of WP.
up to top
37
Mercury and Methylmercury in Water, Sediment, and Biota in an Area Impacted by Historical Gold Mining—the Bear River and South Yuba River Watersheds, California
Charles N. Alpers, and Michael P. Hunerlach, U.S. Geological Survey, Sacramento, CA
Roger L. Hothem, U.S. Geological Survey, Davis, Univ. of California, Davis, CA
Jason T. May, California State University Sacramento Foundation, Sacramento, CA
Howard E. Taylor, U.S. Geological Survey, Boulder, CO
John F. DeWild, Mark L. Olson, and David P. Krabbenhoft, U.S. Geological Survey, Middleton, WI 53562
The extensive use of mercury in historical gold mining has led to widespread contamination in California’s Sierra Nevada foothills. We selected the Bear and Yuba river watersheds for study based on: previous bioaccumulation studies, observations of elemental mercury, and a history of extensive mining. Of the unfiltered water samples analyzed for total recoverable mercury, 32% had concentrations exceeding the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) aquatic-life criterion (50 ng/L). Of 141 fish fillet samples analyzed for total mercury from 5 reservoirs and 14 streams in 1999, 52% exceeded the EPA criterion (0.3 ppm, wet weight); total mercury concentrations were greater than 0.3 ppm in 89% of the black bass (Micropterus spp.). The median concentration of MeHg in predaceous insects collected from 41 sites in 1999 ranged from 0.045 ppm in stoneflies (Perlidae), to 0.103 ppm in giant water bugs (Belostomatidae). The highest MeHg concentration (1.61 ppm) was in dragonflies (Aeshnidae) from a highly contaminated site. Water striders (Gerridae), the most common insect collected (76% of the sites), had MeHg concentrations well correlated with mercury levels in water, sediments, and other biota. Median total mercury concentrations in carcasses of amphibians from 25 sites ranged from 0.044 ppm in Pacific treefrogs (Hyla regilla) to 0.100 ppm in bullfrogs (Rana catesbeiana). These results confirm that aquatic communities of the Bear and Yuba rivers are still contaminated with mercury. Studies continue in these and other watersheds in California.
38
The Ecological Significance of Selenium in the Republican River Basin, NB: 1997-1999
May, T.W., Walther, M.J., Petty, J.D., Fairchild, J.F. ,Columbia Environmental Research Center, U.S. Geological Survey, Columbia, MO
Lucero, J., Delvaux, M., Manring, J., Armbruster, M., Hartman, D., U.S. Bureau of Reclamation, Billings, MT.
The Republican River drains the states of Colorado, Nebraska, and Kansas and lies within a geologic setting containing localized Pierre Shale outcroppings. Selenium is a significant component of Pierre Shale and is readily leached into ground and surface water that is used for irrigated agriculture in the region. Thus, there is concern over selenium accumulation and effects on fish populations in the region. We conducted a study that evaluated selenium concentrations in water, sediment, invertebrates, and fish at 46 study locations distributed across the Basin. Selenium residues were then compared to conservative toxicological benchmarks. Water from 38% of the sites exceeded the chronic water quality criterion of 5 ug/L; in some cases concentrations exceeded 20 ug/L. Selenium concentrations in sediments were generally < 1ug/g and were considered to be of low hazard. Selenium concentrations in benthic invertebrates exceeded the biological hazard threshold of 3 ug/L in 95% of samples. Approximately 75% of fish samples exceeded the biological hazard threshold of 4 ug/g. Conservative guidelines indicate that fish populations in the region should be at risk for reproductive failure. However, an evaluation of fish population structure demonstrated no evidence of population-level effects. These findings indicate that conservative biological thresholds for selenium appear to be protective for fish populations in the Republican River Basin. Controlled studies are planned to provide more resolution for this assessment. Additional research is also needed to determine if there are geographic/geologic or ecosystem variations in the vulnerability of fish populations to the effects of selenium.
up to top
39
Avoidance/Preference Responses as Legal Evidence of Injury: The Use of Behavioral Testing in Support of Natural Resource Damage Assessments
DeLonay, A.J. and E.E. Little, U.S. Geological Survey, Columbia Environmental Research Center, Columbia, MO
A variety of metals, pesticides, chlorinated compounds, industrial chemicals, and complex effluents are known to induce avoidance/preference responses in fish. The ability to detect and avoid a contaminant provides a means of mitigating hazardous exposure, however avoidance may result in displacement from preferred habitats to areas that are less optimal for survival in terms of shelter, food, or protection from predators. In more extreme cases, avoidance of contaminants by aquatic organisms may result in the loss of habitable resources and, in effect, the loss of populations. Conversely, preference of an organism for a chemical contaminant would facilitate exposure and increase the risk of injury. Avoidance/preference responses therefore, are an important component of environmental assessment and have been used effectively as a measure of ecosystem injury in support of DOI agencies engaged in Natural Resource Damage Assessments (NRDA).
40
A National Pilot Study of Mercury Contamination of Aquatic Ecosystems Along Multiple Gradients: Bioaccumulation in Fish
William G. Brumbaugh, and Kathy R. Echols, U.S. Geological Survey, Columbia Environmental Research Center, Columbia, MO
David P. Krabbenhoft, U.S. Geological Survey, Wisconsin District Mercury Laboratory, Middleton, WI
Dennis R. Helsel, U.S. Geological Survey, Office of the Regional Hydrologist, Central Region, Denver, CO
James G. Wiener, University of Wisconsin-La Crosse, River Studies Center, LaCrosse, WI 54601
Water, sediment, and fish was sampled in the summer and fall of 1998 at 106 sites from 20 USGS National Water Quality Assessment (NAWQA) program watershed basins to examine relations of mercury (Hg) and methylmercury (MeHg) in aquatic ecosystems. Bioaccumulation of Hg in fish from these basins was evaluated in relation to species, total and methyl mercury in surficial sediment and water, and watershed characteristics. Bioaccumulation was strongly (positively) correlated with MeHg in water (r = 0.63, ρ < 0.001) but only moderately with the MeHg in sediment (r = 0.33, ρ < 0.001) or total Hg in water (r = 0.28, ρ < 0.01). Of the other measured parameters, pH, DOC, sulfate, sediment LOI, and the percent wetlands of each basin were also significantly correlated with Hg bioaccumulation in fish. The best model for predicting bioaccumulation included MeHg in water, pH of the water, % wetlands in the basin, and the AVS content of the sediment. These four variables accounted for 45% of the variability of the mercury fish fillet concentration normalized (divided by) total length, however, the majority was described by MeHg in water. Based on our data, a MeHg water concentration of 0.12 ng/L was on average, associated with a fish fillet Hg concentration of 0.3 mg/kg wet weight for an age-3 fish when all species were considered. For age-3 largemouth bass, a MeHg water concentration of 0.058 ng/L was associated with the 0.3 mg/kg fillet concentration. Based on rankings for Hg in sediment, water, and fish, sampling sites from the following five study basins had the greatest Hg contamination: Nevada Basin and Range, South Florida Basin, Sacramento River Basin (California), Santee River Basin and Coastal Drainages (South Carolina), and the Long Island and New Jersey Coastal Drainages. A sampling and analysis strategy based on this pilot study is planned for all USGS NAWQA study basins over the next decade.
41
Seasonal Trends of Microcystin Toxins in Algal Blooms of a Midwestern Reservoir
Echols, K.R.*, Fairchild, J.F., Chapman, D.C., Feltz, K.P., Orazio, C.E., Jones, S.B., USGS, Columbia Environmental Research Center, Columbia, MO.
The seasonal formation of microcystin toxins was investigated in a highly eutrophic reservoir. The 4,100-acre Fort Cobb drinking water reservoir, located in southwestern Oklahoma, has intensive row-crop and livestock agriculture in its upstream watershed. We investigated the seasonal potential for blue-green algae to produce the microcystin (MC) toxins—cyclic peptide hepatotoxins of 5-7 amino acids. The presence of microcystin toxins in algae was screened by enzyme-linked immunoassay (ELISA), and then individual toxins (nodularin, MC-LR, MC-RR, MC-YR, MC-LA) were identified and quantified by HPLC/PDA. Microcystins were present in all the algal samples from summer 2000, with an average total MC-LR concentration of 19.5 ± 7.6 ng/mg (dry weight). Concentrations were highest in June, decreasing from July through December. Multivariate statistics were used to correlate chlorophyll, nutrient, and other water quality data with the presence of blue-green algae and the toxins they produced.
up to top
42
Urban Stream Assessment of Aquatic Habitat in the Arid Western United States with SPMD-TOX
Johnson, B. Thomas, J.D. Petty, and J.N. Huckins. USGS, Columbia Environmental Research Center, Columbia, Missouri
Toxicological risk assessments to determine the effects of diverse and intensive land-use on aquatic communities of arid regions of Salt Lake City in Central Utah and Orange County in Southern California were conducted as part of the National Water Quality Assessment (NAWQA) program’s urban land-use gradient (LUG) study. Increasingly, anthropogenic incursions on these limited resources are a concern of ecological health, stewardship, and economics. To address these problems, about fifty urban sites from rivers and streams in sparsely populated Utah and in populous, industrialized Southern California were monitored for the presence and bioavailability of chemical contaminants. Toxicological risk assessments were made using the SPMD-TOX paradigm -- semipermeable membrane devices (SPMD) to collect aquatic contaminants in situ and short-term microscale toxicity tests (TOX), Fluoroscan, Microtox®, and Mutatox® -- to rapidly detect waterborne bioavailable ecotoxins. SPMD-TOX findings strongly suggested the presence of acutely toxic and genotoxic substances in both regions. As expected, the more populous, urbanized sites were many fold more contaminated. SPMD-TOX was a sensitive, technically simple, and cost-effective assessment tool to monitor urban waterways for chemical contaminants that may adversely affect aquatic communities and water quality.
43
The Effects of UVB Radiation on Fire-Fighting Chemicals
Robin D. Calfee and Edward E. Little, USGS, Columbia Environmental Research Center, Columbia, MO
The interactive effects of UV and fire retardant chemicals were evaluated by exposing juvenile rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and Southern leopard frog (Rana sphenocephala) tadpoles to six fire retardant formulations with and without sodium ferrocyanide (YPS) and to YPS alone under three simulated UV light treatments. The chemical concentrations tested represented a range of concentrations that may result following field application. The underwater UV intensities approximated 2 to 10% of surface irradiance measured in various aquatic habitats, and were within tolerance limits for the species tested. Mortality of rainbow trout and Southern leopard frog tadpoles exposed to Fire-Trol GTS-R, Fire-Trol 300-F, Fire-Trol LCA-R, and Fire-Trol LCA-F was significantly increased in the presence of UV radiation when YPS was present in the formulation. Limited tests indicate that the endangered boreal toad and Southern leopard frog were similar in their sensitivity to these chemicals. Photoenhancement of fire retardant chemicals can occur in a range of habitats and may be of concern even when optical clarity is low.
44
Fish Reproductive Health Assessment in PCB-Contaminated Regions of the Housatonic River, MA
Papoulias, D.M.*1, Fross, M.1, Allert, J.A.1, Orazio, C.E.1,Whyte, J.1,2, Munney, K.3, Buckler, D.R.1, and Tillitt, D.E.1, 1U.S. Geological Survey, Columbia Environmental Research Center, Columbia, MO; 2University of Missouri, Columbia, MO; 3U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Concord, NH.
The Housatonic River has been contaminated with polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) from point sources in Pittsfield, MA. The contamination extends downstream into Connecticut. Our studies were designed to determine if the PCB contamination has a detrimental effect on the reproductive capacity of largemouth bass. We collected mature adult fish (20-25 of each sex) at Deep Reach, Woods Pond, and Rising Pond on the Housatonic River, as well as at a reference location in the basin, Three-Mile Pond. The bass were allowed to naturally spawn in ponds and the fertilized eggs were brought into the laboratory to monitor development and growth of offspring. Both adults and young were evaluated for biological indicators of exposure to and effects of PCBs and adult ovaries were analyzed for PCBs, dioxins, furans, and organochlorine pesticides. PCB concentrations in adult ovaries ranged from 160-450 mg/g, while whole body concentrations were 44-150 mg/g in largemouth bass collected from the Housatonic River. Biochemical, physiological and morphological parameters indicated that adults from Housatonic River sites had been exposed to a contaminant with an Ah-receptor mode of action and that the reproductive system had been affected. Likewise, offspring of these fish displayed reduced survival and growth, and pathologies consistent with PHH toxicity. In ovo contamination with PCBs via maternal exposure was reflected in offspring by a positive response to whole-body staining with an antibody to P450.
45
Toxicity and Metal Concentrations of Groundwater, Pore Waters, and Surface Waters of the Missouri River Near a Metals Refining Site, with a Discussion of Toxic Units
D.C. Chapman, A.L. Allert, J.F. Fairchild, T.W. May, and C.J. Schmitt, USGS, Columbia Environmental Research Center, Columbia, MO
J.A. DeLashmit, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Kansas City, KS
E.V. Callahan, Environmental Statistics, Fountain City, WI
Surface waters, sediments, and sediment pore waters were collected from the ASARCO Omaha facility and from the Missouri River adjacent to it. Groundwater was also collected from the facility. Inorganic contaminants were analyzed by ICP-MS (waters and sediments) and AVS/SEM (sediments). The toxicity of the waters was evaluated with the Ceriodaphnia dubia 7-day test. Concentrations of several elemental contaminants of concern were highly elevated in the groundwater, but not in sediment pore waters. Lead concentrations were elevated in whole sediment at one site, but the porewater concentration was only marginally elevated due to apparent sequestration by acid volatile sulfides. The groundwater sample was highly toxic to Ceriodaphnia dubia, causing 100% mortality. Survival and reproduction were reduced at concentrations higher than 6.25%. C. dubia reproduction in pore water was high except at one downstream site. This difference was significantly different from one upstream reference but not from the other. Reduced reproduction at this site could not be attributed to measured elemental contaminants in pore water.
up to top
Monitoring and Assessment
46
EMAP/BEST Sediment Quality Assessment Studies on the West Coast of the USA
Carr, R.S., USGS, MERS, Corpus Christi, TX
Nipper, M.,Texas A&M University-Corpus Christi, TX
Bay, S., Southern California Coastal Water Research Project, Westminster, CA
Anderson, B., University of California-Davis, CA
Montagna, P., University of Texas, Marine Science Institute, Port Aransas, TX.
The Biomonitoring of Environmental Status and Trends Program (BEST) identifies and assesses contaminants and their effects on biological resources, including biota and the habitats that support them. In collaboration with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Program (EMAP) Western Pilot Study, some of the core screening methods from the BEST program were included to help characterize chemical stressors in estuarine and coastal habitats along the Pacific coast of the U.S.A. In addition to the standard solid-phase toxicity tests with the amphipods used in the EMAP program, toxicity was also assessed using porewater tests with early life stages of the sea urchin, Arbacia punctulata. Fifty stations for sediment collection were randomly selected, using a probabilistic sampling design, on the coast of each of three states, Washington, Oregon and California. Sea urchin embryological development tests were the most sensitive overall, with 39% toxic stations on the Washington coast, 44% on the Oregon coast, and 89% on the more anthropogenically-compromised coast of California. Several of the samples that were toxic to urchin embryos, particularly in the heavily populated areas of Southern California, also exhibited toxicity in the fertilization test. Highly significant associations between sediment toxicity, based on the porewater tests, and the degree of contamination and degradation of the benthos was observed.
47
Biomagnification Factors (Fish to Osprey Eggs from the Willamette River, Oregon) for PCDDs, PCDFs, PCBs and OC Pesticides
Charles J. Henny, James L. Kaiser, Robert A. Grove, V. and Raymond Bently, USGS- Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center, Corvallis, OR USA
John E. Elliott, Canadian Wildlife Science, Pacific Wildlife Research Centre, Delta, British Columbia, Canada.
A migratory population of 78 pairs of Osprey (Pandion haliaetus) nesting along the Willamette River in western Oregon was studied to determine contaminant concentrations in eggs, contaminant concentrations in fish species predominant in the Ospreys diet, and Biomagnification Factors (BMFs) of contaminants from fish species eaten to Osprey eggs. Ten Osprey eggs and 25 composite samples of fish (3 species) were used to evaluate organochlorine (OC) pesticides, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs). Heavy metals were also analyzed in fish. Geometric mean residues in Osprey eggs were judged low, e.g., DDE 2.3 Fg/g wet weight (ww), 3 PCBs 0.69 Fg/g, 2,3,7,8-TCDD 2.3 ng/kg, and generally well below known threshold values for adverse effects on productivity, and the population was increasing. Prey remains at nest sites indicated that the Largescale Sucker (Catostomus macrocheilus) and Northern Pikeminnow (Ptychocheilus oregonensis) accounted for an estimated 90.1% of the biomass in the Osprey diet, and composite samples of these two species were collected from different sampling sites throughout the study area for contaminant analyses. With the large percentage of the fish biomass in the Osprey diet sampled for contaminants (and fish eaten by Ospreys similar in size to those chemically analyzed), and fish contaminant concentrations weighted by biomass intake, a mean BMF was estimated from fish to Osprey eggs for the large series of contaminants. BMFs ranged from no biomagnification (0.42) for 2,3,7,8-TCDF to 174 for OCDD. Our findings provide some basic understanding of relationships between contaminant burdens in prey species of fish-eating birds and those eventually incorporated into the eggs of fish-eating birds. Ospreys have worldwide distribution, and are being considered as a potential indicator or sentinel species for long-term monitoring of the nations large rivers, bays and estuaries.
up to top
48
Environmental Contaminants and Related Effects in Fish from the Mississippi, Columbia, and Rio Grande Basins
C.J. Schmitt, D.E. Tillitt, USGS, Columbia Environmental Research Center, Columbia, MO
V.S. Blazer, USGS‑Kearneysville, WV
T.S. Gross, USGS‑Gainesville, FL
G.M. Dethloff, B.E. Wright, AScI, Columbia, MO
N.D. Denslow, K.K. McDonald, Univ. Fla.‑Gainseville, FL
T.M. Bartish, USGS‑Fort Collins, CO
W.L. Bryant, USGS‑Norcross, GA
L.R. DeWeese, USGS‑Denver, CO.
As a pilot for a large‑rivers monitoring program, we collected and examined 2323 fish (predominantly common carp, Cyprinus carpio, and black basses, Micropterus spp.) from 46 sites in the Mississippi River basin, 16 sites in the Columbia River basin, 10 sites in the Rio Grande basin, and from a reference site in West Virginia during the autumns of 1995‑97. Individual fish (about 40 per station) were analyzed for reproductive biomarkers, histopathological alterations, macrophage aggregates, hepatic EROD and plasma lysozyme activity, and general health indicators. Samples composited by species and sex were analyzed for organochlorine and elemental contaminants, and for dioxin‑like activity with the H4IIE rat hepatoma cell bioassay. In the agricultural areas of the lower Mississippi, central Columbia, and lower Rio Grande basins, p,p'‑DDE concentrations in fish remained sufficiently high to represent a hazard to some fish‑eating birds. Chemical and biomarker analyses indicated the presence of a dioxin‑like contaminant in fish from the lower Mississippi basin. Cyclodiene pesticides were also present in fish from agricultural areas and at one site influenced by a point‑source in the Mississippi basin. Only traces of these compounds were present in fish from one site in the Columbia basin, and none were detected in the Rio Grande. Selenium concentrations were sufficiently high to constitute a hazard to piscivorous fishes and wildlife at one site on the upper Arkansas River. Biomarker results from the Mississippi basin indicate that fish were exposed to endocrine‑modulating substances at some sites.
49
Prevalence of PBDE Flame Retardants in Fish and Eggs of Piscivorous Birds in the USA
Peterman, P., Echols, K., Gale, R., and Orazio, C., USGS, Columbia Environmental Research Center, Columbia, MO.
Within the past decade, contamination by polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) flame retardants has become a concern due to their discovery in a variety of environmental matrices. Tetra- through deca-brominated diphenyl ethers are major components of plastics, furniture foam, and other polymers, having an annual US production of 100,000 tons. These compounds have been reported to disrupt the thyroid endocrine system. Since 1989, we have identified tri- through hepta-PBDEs in various fish and eggs of piscivorous birds (eagles, cormorants, herons, egrets) from the Pacific Northwest, Great Lakes, Northeastern and the Midatlantic US. Using GC/ECD and GC/MS we find PBDEs in analytical fractions that include PCBs and organochlorine pesticides. Concentrations ranged from 1 ng/g to 2000 ng/g (ppb). We have found preferential bioaccumulation of the 2,2’,4’4’-tetrabromo congener (#47) followed by certain penta- and hexa-congeners.
50
Overview of Integrative Samplers for Waterborne Organic Contaminants; SPMDs and POCIS
J.D. Petty1 D.A. Alvarez1, J.N. Huckins1, W.L. Cranor1, R.C. Clark1, J.A. Lebo1, A. Rastall2, and D. Getting3
1) US Geological Survey, Columbia Environmental Research Center, Columbia, MO
2) University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
3) Environment Agency of England and Wales, London, England
up to top
51
Lichens as Indicators of Atmospheric Deposition in National Parks
Jim P. Bennett, USGS National Wildlife Health Center, Madison, WI
The natural world is being continuously exposed to atmospheric emissions from man’s activities. Even remote, supposedly pristine areas like Isle Royale National Park in Lake Superior and areas of Alaska are exposed. This is due to the magnitude of emissions from industries, urban areas, and power generation facilities, and the ability of the atmosphere to transport emissions great distances. Elements such as mercury and lead are found in national parks throughout our country. Lichens are small, symbiotic plants that grow on trees, rocks and soils. They have no roots and are totally dependent on the atmosphere for nutrition. They receive only physical support from their hosts. Thus, elevated concentrations of certain elements in lichens are indicative of atmospheric deposition. Studies of the presence and absence of sensitive lichen species and element concentrations in their tissues are ways of discovering atmospheric impacts. Some studies are performed along transects downwind of point sources (tall stacks, for example) to determine the amount and distribution of fallout. Transplants of lichens from pristine to polluted areas are done to determine the continued presence of atmospheric pollutants. Common and widespread species, such as Hypogymnia physodes, are used for sampling element deposition. Nutritional elements are commonly studied, in addition to elements emitted anthropogenically, such as lead, mercury, cadmium and chromium. Since 1982, such studies have been conducted in 27 national parks. Almost 2000 lichen samples representing 49 species have been collected from 333 localities in these parks. Twenty-two chemical elements have been measured, providing over 40,000 data points for analysis. Data are archived for use by other researchers and for comparisons over time.
52
Traditional and Current Pesticides in Commercial Fish of the Black Sea Basin/Sea of Azov
J. P. Hickey, S.M. Chernyak, L.J. Begnoche, R.T. Quintal, and M. Poshyvanyk, USGS Great Lakes Science Center, Ann Arbor, MI, and University of Illinois-Chicago, Chicago IL.
A series of fish from the Sea of Azov, sampled both by the Fish inspection of the Ukraine and from a marketplace in Mariupol, a center of Ukraine industry and agriculture, were analyzed for a suite of traditional chlorinated hydrocarbons (DDT's and other organochlorines, PCBs) and pesticides presently used in the Ukraine (organophosphates, triazines, and acetanilides). Fish species were local varieties of sardines, herring, perch, bullhead and sea roach, all of which were part of a typical diet for public school children in the region. Results showed both very low concentrations of traditional pesticides and PCBs and an insignificant accumulation of currently used pesticides. These residues are lower than those found in fish from similar management areas in nearby Russia, and significantly lower than those found in commercial fish from the American Great Lakes.
53
Distribution of Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers in Great Lakes Fish.
Hickey, J.P., S.M. Chernyak, R.T. Quintal, and L.J. Begnoche, US Geological Survey, Great Lakes Science Center, Ann Arbor, MI
C.P. Rice, US Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD 20705.
Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are an emerging contaminant issue in the Great Lakes ecosystem. The USGS-Great Lakes Science Center (GLSC) has developed an analytical method and has started to routinely monitor PBDEs in Great Lakes fish along with other global contaminants. The relative composition of PBDEs in fish collected from the Des Plaines River (Illinois), Detroit River (Michigan), Saugatuck (Lake Michigan), and Hammond Bay (Lake Huron) was studied at GLSC starting in 1999. Fish analyzed were common carp (Cyprinus carpio), smallmouth bass (Micropterus dolomieui), largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides), lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush), and brown bullhead (Ameiurus nebulosus). Detectable concentrations of PBDEs were reported in all fish sampled. Fish showed varied PBDE patterns at different sites and correlated with PBDE levels found in formulations currently in use.
up to top
54
Health and Reproductive Indicators and Contaminant Concentrations in Fish from the Rio Grande and Columbia River Basins.
Dethloff, G.M., AScI, Fort Collins, CO,
Bartish, T.M., and Coyle, J.J., USGS, Fort Collins, CO,
Tillitt, D.E., and Schmitt, C.J., USGS, Columbia, MO,
Blazer, V.S., USGS, Leetown, WV,
Denslow, N.D., University of Florida, Gainesville, FL,
In 1997, the Biomonitoring of Environmental Status and Trends (BEST) program collected fish (primarily Micropterus spp., Cyprinus carpio and Catostomus macrocheilus) in the Rio Grande and Columbia River basins to determine the spatial distribution of contaminants and contaminant effects. Elevated contaminant concentrations and many physiological alterations occurred in fish from sites in the lower Rio Grande (Brownsville to Falcon Dam) compared to sites in the upper river. Concentrations of total DDT, toxaphene, lead, and selenium exceeded levels of concern, and concentrations of chlordane and dieldrin exceeded trace levels in fish from one or more lower-river sites. Elevated EROD, external lesions, atresia, and macrophage aggregate (MA) parameters, low splenosomatic indices (SSI), either elevated or depressed gonadosomatic indices (GSI) and vitellogenin concentrations, and intersex condition also occurred in fish from one or more of these sites. Concentrations of total DDT, mercury, and selenium were relatively high in fish from certain sites in the upper river but alterations in biomarkers were not as prevalent. In the Columbia River basin, a clear upstream/downstream trend in contaminant concentrations and biomarkers was not evident, though certain sites were notable for both. Elevated PCB concentrations along with elevated EROD, SSI, MA parameters, atresia, and vitellogenin, depressed condition factor and GSI, and intersex condition occurred in fish from a site near Lewiston, ID. Elevated concentrations of total DDT, PCBs, and certain metals along with increases in EROD, HAI, the hepatosomatic index, and MA parameters were found in fish from sites on the mid-Columbia and Yakima rivers. Finally, increased PCB and mercury concentrations as well as elevated EROD, SSI, GSI, and atresia, depressed vitellogenin concentrations, and intersex condition were found in fish downstream of Bonneville Dam.
55
Biological and Ecotoxicological Characteristics of Terrestrial Vertebrate Species Residing in Estuaries.
Nancy H. Golden, Barnett A. Rattner, and Pamela C. Toschik. USGS-Patuxent Wildlife Research Center, Laurel, Maryland.
The Biomonitoring of Environmental Status and Trends program is designed to assess and monitor the effects of environmental contaminants on biological resources. As part of this program, the threat of contaminants and other anthropogenic activities to terrestrial vertebrates residing in or near coastal estuarine ecosystems is being evaluated by analysis of retrospective data and active field monitoring. Written summaries of biological characteristics and contaminant exposure and effects data have been completed for 25 terrestrial vertebrates residing in Atlantic Coast estuaries and are currently available for use on the world wide web (www.pwrc.usgs.gov/bioeco). Similar characterizations are being compiled for the Gulf and Pacific Coasts species. Species were selected based on the belief that they are valued natural resources or as representatives of various taxonomic groups. The characterizations range from 3 to 46 pages in length, and were compiled from over 700 references obtained from numerous computerized literature searches. The purposes of this undertaking are at least twofold. First, as a handy reference guide, these species characterizations will assist biologists that routinely evaluate environmental contaminant issues. For example, upon receipt of results from a monitoring study, a natural resource manager might ask, "What is the biological significance of 1 ug/g PCB in the heron egg, and how does this value compare to concentrations historically reported in this species?" Secondly, the characterizations are being used as a "base data set" to qualitatively and quantitatively rank the relative suitability and sensitivity of various species for their utility in regional biomonitoring of wetlands. We believe this web site to be a valuable tool for natural resource managers and scientists in assessing the threat of environmental contaminants to terrestrial vertebrates.
up to top
56
Contaminat Exposure and Effects--Terrestrial Vertebrates Database for the United States.
Barnett A. Rattner, Nancy H. Golden, Roger L. Hothem, Rebecca L. Kershnar, Thomas W. Custer and Craig W. Meeusen. USGS-Patuxent Wildlife Research Center, USGS-Western Ecological Research Center and USGS-Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center.
Over the past 5 years a “Contaminant Exposure and Effects--Terrestrial Vertebrates” database (CEE-TV) focused on coastal and estuarine habitat in the United States has been compiled through computerized search of published literature, review of existing databases, and solicitation of unpublished reports from conservation agencies, private groups, and universities. The database, a product of the Biomonitoring of Environmental Status and Trends program, is designed to help evaluate the threat of contaminants and other anthropogenic activities to terrestrial vertebrates residing in or near Atlantic, Pacific and Gulf coast estuaries, and the Great Lakes. Summary information has been entered into the database, including species, collection date, site coordinates, estuary name, hydrologic unit catalogue code, sample matrix, contaminant concentrations, biomarker and bioindicator responses, and reference source, utilizing a 108-field character and numeric format. The CEE-TV database is web accessible (www.pwrc.usgs.gov/ceetv) in an easy to use searchable format, and receives about 3000 visits each year. Currently, the CEE-TV database contains over 10,000 records with ecotoxicological exposure and effects information on over 400 species of amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals. Besides providing useful and interesting ecotoxicological information, the database has a number of potential applications, including focusing biomonitoring efforts to generate critically needed ecotoxicological data in the numerous "gaps" along the coast, reducing uncertainty about contaminant risk, identifying areas for mitigation, restoration or special management, and ranking the ecological conditions of estuaries.
57
Recent Books on Contaminants by Patuxent Scientists
Ronald Eisler, W. Nelson Beyer, David J. Hoffman, Barnett Rattner, Peter H. Albers, Gary H. Heinz, Donald W. Sparling, Glenn H. Olsen, and the technical assistance of Kinard Boone.
U.S. Geological Survey Patuxent Wildlife Research Center, Laurel, Maryland 20708
Wildlife ecotoxicology was the general theme of books authored or edited by scientists from the Patuxent Wildlife Research Center between 1995 and 2001. The following tomes emphasized contaminant sources, effects, risks, and prevention:
Hoffman, D.J., B.A. Rattner, G.A. Burton, Jr., and J. Cairns, Jr., editors. 1995. Handbook of ecotoxicology. Lewis Publishers, CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida. 755 pages
Beyer, W.N., G.H. Heinz, and A.W. Redmon-Norwood, editors. 1996. Environmental contaminants in wildlife: interpreting tissue concentrations. Lewis Publishers, CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida. 494 pages
Albers, P.H., G.H. Heinz, and H.M. Ohlendorf, editors. 2000. Environmental contaminants and terrestrial vertebrates: effects on populations, communities, and ecosystems. Published by the Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, Pensacola, Florida. 351 pages
Eisler, R. 2000. Handbook of chemical risk assessment health hazards to humans, plants, and animals. Vol. 1. Metals, Vol. 2. Organics, Vol. 3. Metalloids, radiation, and cumulative index to chemicals and species. Lewis Publishers, CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida. 1903 pages
Olsen, G.H., and S.E. Orosz, editors. 2000. Manual of avian medicine. Mosby, St. Louis, Missouri. 622 pages
Sparling, D.W., C.A Bishop, and G. Linder, editors. 2000. Ecotoxicology of amphibians and reptiles. Published by the Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, Pensacola, Florida. 876 pages
Shore, R.F., and B.A. Rattner, editors. 2001. Ecotoxicology of wild mammals. John Wiley, New York. 730 pages.
up to top
58
Sediment-Contaminant Database for the Upper Mississippi River and Selected Tributaries (Version 2)
Michelle R. Bartsch, James G. Wiener, Douglas A. Olsen, and David E. Hansen, U.S. Geological Survey, Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center, La Crosse, WI
Bradley E. Frazier, University of Wisconsin-La Crosse, River Studies Center, La Crosse, WI
The Sediment-Contaminant Database for the Upper Mississippi River System contains sediment‑contaminant data of known quality in an accessible format. The database was compiled to facilitate the assessment of riverine contamination, to increase the availability of sediment‑contaminant data, and to facilitate management and scientific efforts related to contaminated‑sediment issues in the river system. Forty-four data sets on sediment‑associated contaminants in the Mississippi River, the Illinois River, and several tributaries are included in the database, which contains information from a total of 3950 analyzed sediment samples collected from 1974 through 2000. This total includes 2697 samples from the Mississippi River, 440 from the Illinois River, and 813 from selected tributaries. The types of sediment samples represented in the database include bed sediment, sediment trap, and pore water. Groups of contaminants represented in the database include metals, metalloids, nutrients, polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons, insecticides, herbicides, fungicides, industrial compounds, sterols, petroleum-related compounds, and polychlorinated biphenyls. Considerable care was taken to enhance the reliability of the database; the relative completeness of quality‑assurance documentation for each discreet data set entered was characterized by a quality‑assurance index. To facilitate the interpretation of the contaminant data, the database provides information on sampling locations, methods of sediment collection, physical characteristics of the analyzed sediments, and other ancillary variables for each sediment sample represented. The database is available to the general public and to all federal, state, and private entities through an Internet server located at the U.S. Geological Survey Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center (http://www.umesc.usgs.gov/ data_library /sediment_contaminants/sediment_ contaminant_page.html).
59
Historical Perspective and Current Capabilities for Contaminant Biology Research at the USGS Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center.
G.R. Stehly, L.J. Schmidt, and W.L. Gingerich, USGS, Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center, La Crosse, WI
The Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center (UMESC) has a long history of contaminants research. Under the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, field stations of Patuxent Wildlife Research Center and Columbia Fisheries Research Center conducted contaminants research at the Center. With the formation of the Biological Resources Division these field stations were incorporated into UMESC (see other abstracts in the Program Review). The original and a continuing mission of the Center was to develop fishery management chemicals and later to conduct of studies to gain approval of medicinals to support public fish facilities (Chemical and Drug Registration [CDR]). Emphasis in CDR is decreasing from the 1990’s when reimbursable funding in this area was the greatest in the Center’s history. The CDR program has a diversity of expertise (chemists, physiologists, fishery biologists, and pharmacologist), including several with experience at traditional contaminants research labs elsewhere. Facilities (fish culture, wet labs designed for toxicity testing) and equipment (analytical, radiochemical) at the Center for CDR studies are also ideally suited for conducting all phases of contaminants research in both fish and wildlife.
60
Contaminant Hazard Reviews 1-35 Now Available on Compact Disc
Ronald Eisler, Robert E. Munro, Lois M. Loges, Kinard Boone, Mary M. Paul, and Lynda J. Garrett. U. S. Geological Survey, Patuxent Wildlife Research Center, Laurel, Maryland 20708
This compact disc (CD)--released May 9, 2000--contains the 35 reports in the Contaminant Hazard Reviews series that were published originally between 1985 and 1999 in the U.S. Department of the Interior (USDI) Biological Report series. The CD was produced because printed supplies of these reviews--a total of 105,000--became exhausted and demand remained high. Each report was prepared at the request of environmental specialists of the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and USDI resource managers, and contained specific information on one of the following: acrolein, arsenic, atrazine, boron, cadmium, carbofuran, chlordane, chlorpyrifos, chromium, copper, cyanide, diazinon, diflubenzuron, dioxins, famphur, fenvalerate, index to chemicals and species, lead, mercury, mirex, molybdenum, nickel, paraquat, pentachlorophenol, planar PCBs, polychlorinated biphenyls, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, radiation, selenium, silver, sodium monofluoroacetate, tin, toxaphene, and zinc. Each report reviews and synthesizes the technical literature on a single contaminant and its effects on terrestrial plants and invertebrates, aquatic plants and animals, avian and mammalian wildlife, and other natural resources. The subtopics include contaminant sources and uses; physical, chemical, and toxicological properties; concentrations in field collections of abiotic materials and living organisms; deficiency effects, where appropriate; lethal and sublethal effects, including effects on survival, growth, reproduction, metabolism, mutagenicity, carcinogenicity, and teratogenicity; proposed criteria for the protection of human health and sensitive natural resources; and recommendations for additional research. All reports were authored by Ronald Eisler of the Patuxent Wildlife Research Center.
A free copy of the compact disc, while supplies last, may be obtained by any librarian of a not-for-profit organization by contacting : Librarian, U.S. Geological Survey, Patuxent Wildlife Research Center, Laurel, MD 20708-4030 (telephone 301-497-5550/5551; email: reprints@patuxent.usgs.gov. Others need to purchase the compact disc from ProInfo (telephone 1-800-377-8586; email: proinfodc.com).
up to top
61
USGS Contaminant Biology Program Web
Sarah Gerould and Marcia Nelson, USGS, Columbia Environmental Research Center, Columbia, MO
View it all on the internet! The USGS Contaminant Biology Program uses research and monitoring to investigate contaminant exposure and effects in the environment. Studies of fish, wildlife, and other organisms, their habitat and ecosystems may focus on single contaminants, or integrate physical, chemical and biological stressors to discern the influence of toxic substances relative to other factors. Investigations cover a wide range of scales, from contaminated habitats, to endangered or declining species, to national scale interactions between contaminants and other factors, such as UV radiation, climate change, atmospheric deposition, water quality, and land use change.
up to top
Species Decline
62
Amphibians and Contaminants
Donald W. Sparling, USGS Patuxent Wildlife Research Center, Laurel, MD
In response to the global declines of amphibian populations and the dearth of information on the role of contaminants in these declines, some research efforts at Patuxent have been devoted to amphibian ecotoxicology. During that time research has progressed and papers or books have been published on the following topics: i) effects of acidification on amphibian community composition in experimental wetlands; ii) body burdens of metals in multiple species of amphibian tadpoles due to sediment concentrations and water pH; iii) the toxicity of the mosquito control compounds Abate 4-E and Altosid on survival and malformations in tadpoles; iv) thyroid inhibition and delayed metamorphosis in Hyla versicolor due to perchlorate; v) the role of wind blown pesticides on amphibian population declines in the Sierra Nevada Mountains; vi) production of Ecotoxicology of Amphibians and Reptiles, the most comprehensive review of this subject to date; vii) coordination or co-coordination of two SETAC sessions, a Pellston conference and proceedings, and an ASTM conference on the subject; viii) publication of an EPA monograph on using amphibians in bioassessments of wetlands; and ix) supervision of two Ph.D. students, one of whom matriculated. This poster briefly reviews some of the more salient features of these activities.
63
The Potential for Chromium to Adversely Affect Chinook Salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawystcha) in the Hanford Reach of the Columbia River, Washington, USA
Aaron J. DeLonay, Aida Farag, William G. Brumbaugh, Edward E. Little, and Laverne Cleveland. USGS, Columbia Environmental Research Center, Columbia, MO
The Hanford Nuclear Reservation in south central Washington was claimed by the federal government as a site for the production of plutonium. During the course of production and operation of the facilities at Hanford, radionuclides and chromium were discharged directly to the river and also contaminated the groundwater. Discharge and seepage of contaminated groundwater from the 100 Area into the Columbia River may be exposing salmon and other aquatic life to elevated levels of chromium, and the potential effects of these exposures remain a concern to area Natural Resource Trustees. The Hanford Natural Resource Trustee Council in conjunction with the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and the U.S. Geological Survey designed a series of studies to assess the effects of chromium (Cr) on chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawystcha) under exposure conditions similar to those that may exist in the Hanford Reach of the Columbia River. Four studies were designed to examine chromium effects on 1) Fertilization: The potential for chromium to adversely affect gametes and their fertilization in chinook salmon; 2) Early Life-Stages: Determine the effects of chromium on the early development of chinook salmon; and 3) Fish Health: Determine the degree of fish health impairment of chinook salmon parr exposed to chromium and 4) Laboratory Avoidance-Preference Responses: Determine whether chinook salmon avoid aqueous chromium. These studies exposed chinook salmon to aqueous chromium concentrations ranging from 0 to 266 µg/L. The current ambient water quality criteria established for the protection of aquatic life (USEPA 1986) is 11 µg/L. Results of the experiments are compared with chromium concentrations in the Columbia River and data will be used by the Hanford Natural Resource Trustees to evaluate the potential for chromium to adversely affect salmon inhabiting the river.
up to top
64
Multiple Factors Limit Populations of the Federally-Listed Threatened Neosho Madtom (Noturus placidus)
Wildhaber1, Mark L., Ann L. Allert1, Daniel Mulhern2, Vernon M. Tabor2, Christoper J. Schmitt1, David Edds3, Angela Bulger4, Janice L. Albers1, Jeremy S. Tiemann3, David P. Gillette3, Chris Wilkinson5, Duane Chapman1, Edward Callahan6, JoAnne E. Whitaker1, Peter J. Lamberson1, and Kenneth L. Powell7 1Columbia Environmental Research Center, Columbia, MO 2U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Manhattan, KS 3Division of Biological Sciences, Emporia State University, Emporia, KS 4Burns & McDonnell, Kansas City, Missouri 5California Department of Water Resources, Sacramento, CA 6Environmental Statistics, Fountain City, WI 7Westwood Professional Services, Inc., Eden Prairie, MN 55344
The Neosho madtom (Noturus placidus) is a small ictalurid first formally recognized as a species in 1969. Neosho madtom habitat has been described as unconsolidated pebble and gravel, with moderate to slow flow, and moderate depths. Currently, Neosho madtoms are found in mainstems of the Neosho, Cottonwood, and Spring rivers in Kansas, Missouri, and Oklahoma. The Neosho madtom was federally-listed as threatened by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS) in May, 1990. The rivers in which the Neosho madtom is currently found have all been impacted by human activities such as reservoirs, heavy metals runoff, and gravel mining. It is easy to suggest that all these factors are impacting Neosho madtom populations, but it is much harder to say to what extent each factor may be contributing to low Neosho madtom population densities. With limited information available on Neosho madtom biology, it has been necessary to address Neosho madtom population declines from many directions. With funding from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA), USFWS, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, and U.S. Geological Survey and partnerships with private landowners, USEPA, USFWS, Missouri Southern College, Missouri Department of Conservation, Emporia State University, and University of Missouri, many of the questions related to factors limiting Neosho madtom populations are being addressed. Within the Spring River, where low densities of Neosho madtoms are found, Neosho madtom populations are limited by poor habitat quality in the upper sections of the river and by heavy metals contamination in lower sections. In the Neosho River system, Neosho madtom population densities are higher above John Redmond Reservoir than below. Water quality and substrate composition measures, along with fish densities, suggest detrimental impacts of reservoir operations on Neosho madtom populations in the Neosho River. The same population trends observed for Neosho madtoms were also observed in the populations of other benthic fishes found with the Neosho madtom such as the channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus). Impacts on Neosho madtom populations from low-head dams have also been demonstrated. Furthermore, environmental cues such as photoperiod, temperature, and flow have been found to alter Neosho madtom reproductive behavior. This research has made it apparent that in different parts of the species’ geographic range Neosho madtom populations are limited by different factors.
65
The Evolution of Frog Malformation Research at USGS – National Wildlife Health Center 1997-2002
Carol U. Meteyer, USGS National Wildlife Health Center, Madison, WI
Frog malformations became a National issue soon after students found numerous malformed frogs during a field trip to a Minnesota pond in 1995. Since that time, malformed frogs have been reported in 44 states and 54 species of amphibians (NARCAM, 2001). The USGS National Wildlife Health Center (NWHC) began receiving malformed frogs in 1996. In 1997 we initiated organized diagnostic assessments of malformed and “control” Northern leopard frogs (Rana pipiens) from 15 sites in Minnesota and Vermont. We established early in 1997 that the abnormal limbs were a fundamental developmental error, an error that occurred early in the life of the tadpole. Characterizing the malformations in metamorphosed frogs and the distribution of malformation types illustrated geographic and temporal patterns suggesting multiple etiologies for malformations. However, the metamorphosed frog is not the appropriate life stage to examine when looking for the early errors that result in malformations. As we expanded our investigations in 1998 to include sites in Wisconsin and Maine we also expanded our sampling to included R. pipiens tadpoles (larvae) from all sites in the four states. In 1999 we finished our summary of radiographic findings in the metamorphosed frogs and turned our attention exclusively to the developing larvae, examining approximately 2000 larvae at 5 developmental stages. The shift to larvae included a shift in diagnostic approach. Our detailed external exams included 70 parameters for each live and anesthetized larva. Preserved larvae are being used to study the progression of developmental errors using five techniques. Radiographs are not useful in larvae as they do not have ossified bone until close to metamorphosis. We are collaborating with Dr. Linda Trueb at the University of Kansas Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology and Biodiversity Research Center to define the anatomic changes in tadpole cartilage and developing bone using cleared and double-stained larvae. Dr. Trueb has confirmed asynchrony in the development of craniofacial structures as the cause of facial clefts in late stage R. pipiens larvae. Histopathology has shown limb bud dysplasia in Gosner stage 26 larvae. Vesiculation involving the two layers of limb bud ectoderm has also been seen as well as a unique host response to Ribeiroia infection in both wild-caught and lab-exposed R. pipiens larvae. Electron microscopy is being used to define sub-cellular detail of limb bud pathology and in an effort to determine its significance in the teratogenic process. Molecular probes are being applied to elucidate errors in gene transcription that are causing the malformation at the molecular level. |
